Advancing Superconductivity

New materials designed by a University of Illinois Chicago graduate student may help scientists meet one of today’s biggest challenges: building superconductors that operate at normal temperatures and pressures.

Superconductors are used widely in everyday applications from MRI machines to power transmission. But to work, they must be cooled to extremely low temperatures, which limits their potential. Scientists worldwide are pursuing materials that could show superconductivity at “very high” temperatures — in this context, closer to room temperature — without requiring super-cooling. 

In a paper for the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Adam Denchfieldand a team of UIC scientists proposed three promising new designs for superconducting materials. In computer simulations, the designs demonstrate some of the properties needed for very high-temperature superconductivity. 

Hyowon Park, associate professor of physics, and Russell Hemley, professor of physics and chemistry, co-authored the paper with Denchfield, a PhD candidate in physics at UIC. 

For decades, scientists have looked for materials that could make superconductivity — the lossless transmission of electricity — possible at higher temperatures, such as room temperature. That would allow the use of superconductors for advanced power grids, more efficient electric motors and more advanced magnetically levitated trains. 

In 2023, a group of scientists published a controversial paper on a superconducting material containing a rare earth element called lutetium that works at close to ambient temperature and air pressure. The controversy inspired Denchfield to explore past literature on the type of material they described, called rare earth trihydrides. 

“I looked at the results, and I was just as skeptical as many others in the field,” Denchfield said. “So I set out to look into the literature to seek alternate explanations and found studies from the late 1960s studying rare earth trihydrides.”  

These older studies showed very strange changes in the electrical conductivity of the materials when cooled that are still not fully understood. Denchfield found that special arrangements of the lutetium atoms in combination with hydrogen and nitrogen can cause the material to exhibit intriguing properties including high-temperature superconductivity.  

His research eventually led to a paper on a promising lutetium-hydrogen-nitrogen compound and experimental results that were consistent with superconductivity. The work by Hemley’s group was covered in the New York Times. 

But Denchfield didn’t stop there. He started to explore whether other rare earth hydride combinations and structures, such as replacing lutetium with its periodic-table cousins yttrium and scandium, could work even better. With the goal of increasing the superconducting temperature as much as possible, he landed on three types of cubic structures that could produce the desired properties in simulations. 

“We basically put forward three template structures of increasing complexity that we want other people to be able to take and mess with, plug and play different elements,” Denchfield said. “I would describe this as an exploratory paper, a motivational and inspirational work that should inspire the search for a whole new class of structures that could be very high-temperature superconductors.” 

Material designs described in the paper achieve critical temperature — the point where superconductive properties appear — above 200 degrees Kelvin, roughly equivalent to -100 degrees Fahrenheit. Denchfield said some designs could achieve the “holy grail” of superconductivity at ambient pressure and room temperatures. To verify the predictions, materials with the new designs will have to be synthesized in the laboratory and tested.  

“The new study led by Adam builds on the previous milestones of our group: the discovery of the first near-room-temperature superconductor in another rare earth hydride under pressure, then the tantalizing evidence for similar high-temperature superconductivity in the lutetium-based material,” Hemley said. “The prospects for new classes of related materials with different compositions is the latest chapter in our exciting efforts to discover and create new materials that could one day revolutionize energy technologies.”